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时间:2022-08-10 15:32:49

听力教学论文

听力教学论文篇(1)

[Key Word] listening; middle school; English teaching; barrier; teaching activity designing;

【摘 要】随着时代的发展和进步,英语作为一种国际通用语在贸易往来和文化交流过程中发挥着不可替代的作用。掌握好英语这种交际工具,对学生将来的发展有着深远的影响。现代语言教育理论高度重视“听”在语言学习和语言使用中的作用。听力教学既是一种语言教学,也是一种技能的培养。在听,说,读,写四项技能中,听是最基础的,最重要的技能。它不仅是获取语言信息的主要途径,还是提高其他技能的基础。许多中国学生认为听力能力的测试是所有测试中最难的部分。在本篇论文中,开篇介绍了现在中学听力教学的情况,指出当中存在的一些问题,针对课前的一些较短的时间设计了一些教学活动。然后集中介绍了听力教学活动的设计,强调听力教学活动应将目光集中在听力的过程上,而非其结果上。如何提高学生英语听力水平,使他们能取得好的成绩,成为广大初中教师所共同关注的问题。在英语教学中,教师如何进行听力教学,精心设计教学活动,如何掌握听力教学的各种技巧显得十分重要。

【关键词】听力;初中;英语教学;障碍;设计教学活动

1. Introduction

It is true that listening, speaking, reading, and writing are four basic skills in language teaching and learning. Developmentally, these skills are acquired in a certain sequence. Listening is essential for developing other skills and provides a basis for language learning. But it is also the most difficult of all the learning skills for learners to master. When listening, listeners follow the speaker, thinking about what the speaker is saying and what is going on in the mind of the speaker, guessing the speaker’s opinions and attitudes and catching the true meaning of the speaker’s words. Listening itself accounts for almost half of the commutative activities in one’s daily life. In addition, learners should have the knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. Many learners are afraid of listening, looking on it as more difficult than any other skills and pay much attention to training their ability to speak, read and write. Improving listening ability is not in a short time, it is a long time work.

2. Background study

Listening is important in junior students’ English learning. A child first listens for a long time before he is able to speak, so listening plays the first and the most important role in learning a foreign language. Listening is an important means of language. “It is one of the important ways in English language communication. According to Rivers study indications, listening occupies 45% of the whole social interactions. From this, we can see that a good listening can help to improve students’ ability of language understanding. And some statistics show that nearly 50% students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations.” [1] ( p1-2) . We must admit that there is no short cut in our life, so as the English learning. It finds that the original initiative to learn listening is very important, which can lead the way to success.

Now have a look at our junior schools. What most teachers do in class is merely to play the recorder and check answers to listening exercises. So most students can hardly learn anything in class, and listening comprehension gives much headache. Hence, in teaching listening comprehension, it is very important for teachers to find the problems students have and suitable ways to solve the problems. English teaching and learning asks for quite some challenges. The challenges are the lack of adequate linguistic environment, the strong interference from their mother tongue, the overcrowded classrooms and the lack of sufficient time for English study on the students' side. And students are having quite a few subjects on hand and shouldering the great task of all-respect full development in schools. And, in many junior school, it is true that Chinese students are not so influent as those in Western countries mainly because they lack self-confidence and they are afraid of making mistakes .In addition, teachers are quite used to the old teaching method, which lays more emphasis on grammar. In order to make themselves understood by all the students, some teachers would explain the grammar rulers or even the texts in Chinese rather than in English in class. Thus, students get fewer opportunities to improve their listening skills.

3. What are the factors influencing the listening comprehension in Chinese middle school classrooms?

Listening is an important mean of language learning. It is one of the significant ways in English language communication. But so many students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult one among all kinds of examinations. Where are their barriers? How to train some tactics for them? That’s what I am going to talk about here.

3.1 The analysis of the reasons for students’ poor listening ability

3.1.1.About the teacher aspect

There is a shortage of English teachers in China. It is usually difficult for English teachers in China to go to English-speaking countries to study or work. Most of them don’t have the experience of going abroad. They have learned their English only in China. So we may say they have certain shortage.

3.1.2.The English environment

The English environment in China is different from other countries e.g. Canada. In China, English is a foreign language (EFL), not a second language (ESL). Both students and teachers are doing their jobs under this condition which is quite different from that such as in the US. For example, Chinese immigrant students in Canada can learn English more quickly than those in China. Why? Because in Canada, English is regarded as their second language. They enjoy a much better English environment as well as have English high motivations. This is what is needed in China. What those students in China need is this authentic language environment which isn’t easy to be created in China.

3.1.3. The learning aspect

Listening comprehension is the summation of hearing and understanding. If you have a better level about English knowledge, you may be capable of understanding very well in listening to the materials, and may have an excellent response to any questions asked by the speakers on the tapes.

(ⅰ)Barriers on Phonetics and Phonology

It is clear that “Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonetic medium of language, and Phonology studies how speech sounds system in a language form pattern.” [2] (p22) English, as a new language for Chinese students, usually appears some problems exactly on Phonetics and Phonology, such as the mistakes on pronunciation, intonation, and all kinds of skills like word stress, sentence stress, motion of sound, assimilation, sound---linking and incomplete explosion, etc. Therefore some basic knowledge about English Phonetics and Phonology will directly influence students’ listening comprehension. So designing activities must be aimed at point. So designing some interesting game is to let students discriminate the different pronunciation. The key point is guiding students to find the difference themselves. For example, most Chinese students find the discrimination of some sounds is a problem in listening comprehension, especially, some vowels. E.g., they can hardly distinguish the words like “sit—sea” and “bed--bad”. In a sentence like “He saw a thief steal into the palace”, steal /sti:l/ is very important in understanding the sentence, but some students just recognize it as still/stil/.

(ⅱ) Barriers on tempo

Tempo means the speed of speaking. It can be controlled by an actor who is good at tongue twisters. Some people enjoy more variation in tempo than others, but everyone has a norm which in characteristic of his usual conversational style. One who tends to use a rapid tempo in everyday speech in English, but Chinese students usually don’t have such a tempo in listening. Although sometimes they can speak very fast, they may not catch up with the materials on normal tempo while they’re listening to a tape, especially to a longer conversation or a passage, that’s their problems. Because they only used to listen to teachers who always read under the average speed in daily life, or used to slow conversations with their partners while practicing oral English, that’s why Chinese students can not suit the need of normal speed listening materials or native speakers. Teachers can help students to form a good sensation. Students can train the tempo through reading, because there are many skills on it. English teachers should take efforts to teach students how to learn some knowledge about sentence stress, rhythm, sound and intonation, etc. So, during in the class, or at the beginning of the class, teacher can design a game or completion about reading. The student who is the winner can give him/her a present. Through insisting on doing so, students’s sensation can be improved.

(ⅲ) Barriers on lexicology and grammar

During the process of listening comprehension, listeners should not only do the exercises of sound recognition, but also learn more vocabulary. If a new word appeared while they’re listening, they’ll find it difficult for them to understand the whole meaning, even some students stop to listen and think about over and over the new word they met before while the material are going on. So does the grammar. Grammar can help us to catch the implication of the vocal sounds, and understand them well, and it is also the essential condition of a whole passage comprehension. It gives us a basis for judging when the action happens, who is the operator or supporter? What is the factual evidence? Whether it is the subjunctive mood? Etc. If you don’t have a solid foundation on grammar it’ll directly influence your achieving good results while you are listening.

(ⅳ) Barriers on listening habits

The main purpose of listening is to understand the general idea of the materials. During the listening process, they should try to catch the major content, which’s the key point. But many Chinese students have some bad habits while listening. For example, they always try their best to get the meaning of each words, each sentences. Once they meet a new word or a difficulty sentence, they will stop to think. It is doubtless they can’t catch up with the speed any more. Still some students can’t directly understand materials in English, but with the help of Chinese, experienced the process of a heart translation. These bad habits are the main factors influencing their listening comprehension. In fact, it is unnecessary to know every word, every sentence, only should catch the main idea and grasp the major point, that’s enough. If you concentrate to think, you can’t catch up with the materials, and also that’s why you have no time to attend to the main content, let alone seize the implication of it.

Therefore, it is necessary for the teacher to point out the bad habits and then help the students form good habits. Here are some bad listening habits on Listening, which are paraphrased below.

“(1) A poor listener will/ turnoff his or her ears as soon as he or she decides a listening task is going to be dull.

(2). A poor listener listens to only facts and ignores the ideas, the general picture.

(3). A poor listener will fix his or her eyes on the teacher or blackboard, then relax, or Do some thing else, expecting to get the information out of the tape scripts later.

(4).A poor listener will use very little distraction --footsteps, a door opening or closing, a cough, a dropped book—as an excuse to stop listening to the recording or the teacher.”[3] ( p1-2)

(ⅴ) Barriers on cultural background

Language is a kind of cultural expression. It is necessary for students to know some background about the English-speaking countries, such as the history, culture, customs and habits, even life styles. Many students lack of these kinds of knowledge, no wonder they are always making mistakes about them. For example, if teachers give two pieces of passage for them to understand the former, because Spring Festival is the traditional festival in China, everybody knows it very well, that’s helpful for their understanding, however the latter about the Thanksgiving day, students know little about it, it is not easy for them to understand, even very difficult for them to answer some questions about it. Listeners should base on their background knowledge about the topic and their experience of how talks on such themes are structured (as in the case of listening to news or weather reports) besides their understanding of language forms related to the subject area.

(ⅵ) Barriers on psychological factors

It is very important of students to have a good state while listening. Students should get clear that listening is the first step of any language learning, they should pay attention to learn it well at the very beginning.

The process of listening comprehension is a very complicated psychological one. Linguists tell us that it is easy for one to produce frightens when he is at his nervousness. If students meet some words or sentences they don’t understand by chance, they’ll have the fidgets, even some students are afraid of listening at the very beginning. It have placed all sorts of obstacles on the important information invisibly and make them less effective, this lowered the degrees of listening comprehension. On the other hand, eternal links, such as the noise made by inside or outside factors, the quality of the recorders, the loudness and the articulation of the sounds, etc, may all become obstructions influencing the students’ listening well. “Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings,and it is an analysis of the language signal perception. The process of the language perception is an activity of the short--time memorization .”[4] (p1)

Training and improving students’ ability in listening comprehension should combine daily teaching with following points. First of all, in English class, teachers should try to organize their classes in English, which’s the most effective way, students can concentrate their attention while listening to English. Teachers can also know from the expressions in students’ eyes if they understand. Second, using the first five minutes efficiently before the class, or the revision time, ask students to listen to the radios, television programmers in English. Never be afraid of it. Psychological quality is quite important to do everything, so does listening comprehension.

转贴于 4.How to improve students’ listening ability---designing effective classroom activities

Among the four skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing), foreign language learners often complain that listening is the most difficult one to acquire. Teaching listening should focus on process.

There are three stages in listening activities for language learners: pre—listening, while—listening, post—listening, which will discuss in detail as follow:

4.1 Pre—listening activities

“Research points out that listening activity in general should consist of a pre—listening phase, which should make the context for listening explicit, clarify the purposes for listening, and establish goals, procedures and roles for listening. So a pre—listening activity can involve listeners in the following ways:

(1).By posing the tasks before the students listen to the topic, they are given a purpose for listening, which forces them to focus on selected information.

(2).The listener brings an orientation to a listening event. By opening up the topic, it arouses certain expectations and mentally prepares the students for the topic, it may also activate latest knowledge of vocabulary associated with the topic.

(3).Activating learner’s scripts and tuning in their prior knowledge about the topic helps to relate their background knowledge to the topic to be heard, thus enhancing the comprehension and interpretation of the received message.

(4).By brainstorming what they know about the topic before listening, learners will be able to compare what they know with what they are going to hear, and listen selectively.” [5] (p10)

4.1.1 Purpose

No less than in speaking, the listening process means that the learner must be motivated by a communicative purpose .This purpose determines to a large extent what meanings they must listen for and which parts of the text are most important to them. For example, there may be parts where he does not need to understand every detail, but only to listen for the general gist. There may be other parts where a topic of special significant arises, requiring them to listen for more detailed information—for example, so that they can report about the topic to other members of a group. At other times, a task may require them to listen for specific pieces of information distributed throughout the text.

“The activities will be grouped according to the kind of response that the learner must produce:

(1)Performing physical tasks (e.g. selecting pictures)

(2)Transferring information (e.g. into tabular form)

(3)Reformulating and evaluating information” [6] (p67-68)

4.1.2Choose the appropriate materials

Before having the class, teachers must choose and analysis the materials. “Teacher need to listen the tape all the way through .That way, they will be prepared for any problems, noises, accents etc. That way they can judge whether students will be able to cope with the tape and the tasks that go with it.” [7] ( p100) By doing so, the teacher will know the length of the materials, the difficult points and the focus of the materials, so the teacher can decide in advance how to go on with the teaching in class. Of course, it is a demand for teachers if all other courses. But some teachers do believe that they can teach listening course without any preparation so long as they have the tapes and reference books. So some researchers would like to emphasize the importance of preparations for a class: it is the basic need and also a basic insurance of an effective listening teaching. And the role of analyst, which means that teachers should analyze the functional patterns of the language used in the listening materials that students are to hear. The functions of a language can be simply pided into two patterns: the communication of emotion and the conveying of information. Communication of emotion means that the purpose of using a language is mainly for the establishment of harmonious relationship among the participants of social interaction.

4.1.3 Skills

(ⅰ)Prediction.

Research on speech processing and interpretation suggests that the listener’s ability to make intelligent guesses about what will come next plays a crucial role in their understanding of speech, and prediction is regarded by many researchers as on of the most powerful factors in comprehension. Therefore, a good listener is a good predictor. “By helping our students become better predictors, we are helping them become better listeners.”[8] ( p86)

Prediction also involves asking questions and answering them. According to Fisher and Terry active comprehension is process of generating questions while reading and searching for answers to them. Questioning helps to establish the purpose and causes the listener to interact with the speech, confirming or rejecting expectations.

“Penny Ur summarizes five types of cues that listeners depend on for making predictions about continuation of an utterance:

(1) The stock formula of the language, such as clichés, idioms, quotations and proverbs.

(2). Stress on a particular word in the first part of an utterance is often explained or clarified by a comment in the second.

(3). The logical relationship between the first part of an utterance and the second is often signaled by a conjunction.

(4.) There is construction where the speaker proclaims in advance the kind of thing he is going to say.

(5). Rhetorical questions or bold, brief statements, particularly in the negative, are often followed by answers or amplification in the form of reasons, examples or explanations.” [9] (p11)

(ⅱ)Setting the scene

Another type of pre-listening activity is to set the scene for the students, for example: picture, video, TV etc. Listening to passages in the classroom can be more difficult than listening in real life, because of the lack of context .So the teacher can help provide the background information to activate learners’ schema or illustrate the picture to help students to understand the main idea, so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear.

(ⅲ)Listening for the gist

This type of the pre-listening activity is listening for the gist. It is very important to give students practice in this area, because in real life, they can not listen to the materials several times. Therefore, it will be impossible for them to catch all the information, so they need to be fit with some ambiguity in listening and realize that they can still learn even when they do not understand every word. Listening for the gist is familiar with skimming a passage in reading. The key point lays in let students some questions that focus on the main idea or the tone or the mood of the passage. Find whether students can answer the questions even though they can not understand each word or phrase in the passage.

(ⅳ)Listening for specific information

There are situations in real life where they listen only for some specific details and ignore the rest of the entire message. For example, when they listen to the weather report on TV, they are only interested in the temperature in the city where they live or where we plan to go on the holiday, or when they are sitting in a train station or an air port, they do not listen to the details of all the announcements. It is important to expose our students to a variety of type of listening texts for a variety of purpose so that they will develop a variety of listening strategies to use for different situations.

4.2 While - listening activity

This stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control, because this is where a student should pay attention and get the information actively. However, if the teacher can provide a reason, goal, or task for the learner, this should encourage and help students to focus their attention.

In daily class, students must use all aspects of personal listening ability. At the beginning of this article, we have discussed the problems on students’ listening ability.

According to these problems, we must train the comprehensive listening ability in daily time.

Following are some special training

4.2.1 Listen and tick

A large part of what makes a listening task easy or difficult is what the teacher asks the students to do with the materials. If what students all need to do just is tick as they hear them, the task will be much easier. What you need to tick, you can hear them clearly. Because it is quite easy, ticking is very fit for the students who are in grade 7. It can encourage them to listen to the dialogue or passage carefully.

4.2.2 Listen and act

These activities relate to a method of teaching called Total Physical Response, which concentrates on learning language by listening and responding physical to commands or directions. Here is an example:

“Beginning TPR

Procedure:

(1.) Have two students positioned to two chairs.

Commands supporting vocabulary

Stand up fast

slowly

Sit down table chair

Walk

head stomach

Stop

door blackboard

Turn around

Touch

(2)pick two other students and add more vocabulary that are in the classroom--- such as book, pencil, paper, desk, floor, teacher—and add to the commands put, place, scratch..

(3)use the following type of commands repeatedly in random order, rotating pairs of students from time to time, until you can see that all the students clearly understand what these commands and actions mean.

For example:

Put the pencil on the book.

Scratch your head.

Scratch your stomach.

Put the paper in the box.

Put your hand on your head.

Place the box on the teacher’s head.

Scratch your head and stomach. ” [10] (p11)

4.2.3 Listen and draw

This is similar to acting out physically, but in this type, the students are drawing picture, diagrams on paper. “This type of activity works very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.” [11] (p90) One example: one student draws a simple picture and then tells his/her partner how to draw it in English .Neither partner can look at each other’s drawing during the task. After they have completed the task, they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.

Other way: according to last example.

“Introduce the word draw. This opens up a rich network of things you can ask your students to do. Start very simply with the familiar items that the students have already internalized through TPR.

For example:

Draw a table

Draw a chair

Draw a hand

Draw a box

Draw a hand on a door

Draw a window and a hand and book. ”[12] (p11) 4.3 post --- listening activity

Post--- listening, teachers can determine how well the students have understood what they listened to, but it is important to design the tasks well. “One important point to keep in mind is whether we are testing the students’ listening comprehension or their memory. In fact, in real life, listener can remember the gist of the conversation, but cannot remember exactly what words were said. It is more natural to select and interpret what we hear rather than repeat everything we have heard.” [13] ( p187) .Here are some types of post—listening activity: multiple choice questions, answering questions, note-taking, gap—filling and dictogloss.

“It is important to remember when designing activities not to demand that students remember more details the native-speaker would in a real life, because we do not want our students to get into the habit of thinking that they need to understand and remember.” [14] ( p117)

5. Conclusion

As teachers change their practice activity they gain new insights about the learning potentials of their students. “These successes have encouraged teachers to persevere in their efforts to design learning experiences that provide multiple entry and exit points for their students.” [15] ( p290-297)

During the exercitation in middle school, in fact, teachers did not teach the phonetics and phonology. Main practice on listening is just about the textbook. For example, GO FOR IT, the book has a small part for training listening. but the listening teaching is limited. It must add some activities. In the listening activities, according to the certain purpose, it can choose different skills: listen and act, listen and draw, and so on. These types of activities can be designed into games, which are popular for students.

Bibliography

1. Ren Xiaoping . Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students And Training Tactics [J].延安教育学院学报,2001 . p1-2

2. 戴炜冻 A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English [Z].上海: 上海外语教育出版社 p22

3. Liu Yangchun . How to increase students’ listening comprehension [J].开封教育学院学报,1996.10. p1-2

4. Zhang Qi . Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching [J]. 云南教育学院学报,1996.10. p1

5. Zhao Jianqun . Introducing an interactive component into listening instruction [J].曲靖师专学报,1993.3. p10

6. William Littlewood .Communicative Language Teaching. [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.6. p67-68

7. Jeremy Harmer. How to teach English [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.8. p100

8. 王蔷 A course in English language teaching [Z].上海:高等教育出版社,2002.5. p86

9. 同2. p11

10. 同 1. p11

11. 同8. p90

12. 同 1 p11

13. 朱纯 外语教育心理学 [Z].上海:上海外语教育出版,1998.3. p187

听力教学论文篇(2)

关键词:自然语言非正规语言听力理解策略课堂方言

中图分类号:H319.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1003-949(2005)-10-047-02

一、引言

《大学英语教学大纲》对听力的较高要求是能听懂语速每分钟140词的题材熟悉、“基本无生词”的材料。为了实现这一要求,我院十分重视提高学生的听力理解能力,在听力技能培养上狠下功夫,每周安排了两个学时的听力课。而且,本科生基本上都具有一定的英语基础,掌握了一定的词汇量,能阅读一般的文章。他们能够较轻松地听懂老师在课堂上讲的话,对于听力课上的材料也可基本听懂。但一旦遇到真实的听力材料,听英语本族语人之间的对话时,他们往往会感到很不适应。即便是一个人名的发音、打招呼用语,或很简单的措辞和表达方法都构成学习者在语音上的听力困难。

这一问题值得我们深思。很多大学生(特别是非英语专业学生)在听力理解上遇到这一问题,说明这是一个普遍问题,解决它必须从大学英语教学方法上寻找出路。

二、原因分析

笔者根据对听力教学的实践,分析其原因主要是学生缺少接触自然语言的环境。

虽然本科生除了听力课,还有精读课、英语广播等途径接触英语,但相当一部分学生听英语还是只局限在语音室。而我们的课堂英语及其听力材料都只注重教授规范英语,而不注重教授生活中存在的并不一定规范的语言,不注重发展学生在不同语境中运用语言的能力。所谓规范语言,是加以控制的英语,使符合语法的、纯正的、理想的语言形式。这在英语教学中当然是必要的,而且是十分重要的。但在实际生活中,人们惯以常用词及短语、短句、简单句或省去主语、助动词、动词、冠词和代词的省略句来传递信息意义。说话者更多注重的是内容,而常常忽略语法的正确性。我们会遇到各种不规范的语言现象,出现语言变异。对于同一个音,不同的人会有不同的读法,使用不同的方言、语调、节奏等,甚至会有一些错误的发音。所有这些对于只接触过规范英语的人来说都将造成极大的听力障碍。

另外,课堂方言也是造成听力障碍的一个非常重要的因素。在我国目前的外语学习的环境中,学习的语言材料主要来自教材,学习的主要场所是课堂。在课堂讲授的过程中,为了让学生听懂或跟着朗读,教师总是尽可能地把每个单词甚至每个音节读得十分清楚,语速放慢,从而使语流失去了正常的节奏。这种在课堂上教师特别使用的英语和正常情况下言语活动事实中实际的非课堂英语,在发音和节奏上有很大差别。我们称其为“课堂英语”。学生在这种语言的长期熏陶下,必然会对自然语言感到很不适应,茫然不知所云。

三、解决方案

因此,我们有必要有意识地让学生在课堂上多接触自然的非正规的英语,认识到“听”和“说”一样是积极主动的过程,而非被动地接受。我们可以从以下几方面着手:

(一)运用听力理解策略。

1.连读(Liaison)

在一个意群中,如前一个词以辅音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,或前一单词的尾音和后一单词的头音为同一辅音,要进行自然的连读。

e.g.atanairport

︶︶

abrotherandasister

︶︶

Pleaseputupanoticeaboutthelecture.

︶︶︶

2.不完全爆破(IncompletePlosion)

语流中,爆破音和爆破音或者爆破音和其它辅音相邻很常见。因为受到后面的音的影响,发第一个爆破音时只摆出相应的口型,形成阻碍,却不发生爆破,稍作停顿,便马上发后面的爆破音或辅音,这第一个爆破爆破音叫做不完全爆破音,这一发音现象叫不完全爆破。

e.g.aredbike

abigmountain

That’sagoodgirl.

3.口语的简略形式(ShortFormsinOralEnglish)

我们常发现“we’re”、“we’ve”等连用形式,类似的还有:

Let’s=letushe’s=heis/hehas

Shan’t=shallnotwon’t=willnot

Aren’t=arenotisn’t=isnot

Shouldn’t=shouldnotwouldn’t=wouldnot

这些是英语口语发音的习惯,应让学生尽可能适应。

4.单词的弱读(WeakFormsofCertainWords)

英语中功能词一般不重读,有时甚至一些实义词也不需重读。这些单词在句子中将失去其重读的发音。如he、his、her、him等单词中,/h/不发音;再如for、to、can、them作为孤立的单词元音各不相同,但放于句中几乎都发同样的元音/9/.

令人欣慰的是,目前的听力教材无论形式如何,基本上都提到了策略。特别是由上海外语教育出版社出版的《大学英语》(全新版)借鉴、吸收了国内外外语教学理论研究、教学实践和教材编写的最新成果,提供了策略指导和训练。

但是我们的教材也存在一些问题,目前教材基本上都是按话题组织编写,而不是围绕策略去构筑教材框架布局。这使得书中即使出现了策略指导的内容,也显得很松散、杂乱无章、任意性强。

(二)教材中应增加自然语言的分量。

我们所用的教材所选内容一般比较规范,即使是口语教材,其情景对话中各方的问答方式也是十分流利顺畅的,很少像生活中人们说话那样有很多重复、停顿、口头禅等。但有研究表明,在自然语言中,30%-50%的言语时间里可能包含着停顿和犹豫。这种停顿可能是无声式停顿(silentpause),也可能是填补式停顿(filledpause),比如常用的well,say,Imean等级表示言语者正在寻找合适的词语。为了让学生有更多接触自然语言的机会,首先应该在教材中增加自然语言的分量,让学生在正常的教学时间内学更多实用的言语表达形式。

同时还应在听力课上提供充足的机会使学习者见识多种多样的语言。让学生听到和习惯各种不同的语音语调,包括男女老幼、不同职业、不同文化程度的人们各式各样的话语声音。此外,还有必要在听力材料中增加各种背景声音,增强学生在复杂的背景声音中准确分辨出语言信息的能力。在实际生活中,语言传递信息常常伴有各种干扰因素,比如各种噪音,因此听力课上应该适当安排学生听有杂音的材料。

(三)实现教材多样化。

我们的教材既要为培养学生语言综合运用能力提供最佳的语料和实践活动,又要能开阔学生的视野,提高学生的文化素质,同时还要具有“可教性”。英语作为一门外语,其教材的编排绝不能等同于汉语语文编排,不能太规范,太标准,材料不能太陈旧,太文学化。大学生学习英语的目的主要是“运用”,既要获取信息,还要交流信息,随着全球化进程的加速,这个信息应以“新”为主。因此,听力教材要尽量反映快速变化的时代。全国大学外语教材应多样化,具有多层次性,每套教材的使用周期要缩短,要有开放性;要充分利用网络资源、多媒体等现代教育技术;教材的编写要充分考虑到教学方法、教育思想。

(四)听与说联系起来。

学生平时说英语时有意识地运用所学发音特点,可以加深对这些特点的理解,调动学习英语的积极性。而且在与他人的交谈中也可以见识到各种各样的语言,有利于他们全方位、多层次地接触语言材料。

当然,综上几点建议,并不能说明懂得这些之后,学生自然而然地就能听懂英语了。其它因素对培养良好的听力习惯也很必要。掌握一定量的词汇及语法结构知识,才会听懂和理解声音的意思。总之,通过使学生逐渐习惯于受训的英语发音,一定能将他们引导到通往有效听懂英语的坦途。

参考文献:

[1]《中国大学英语教学论丛》[C]。(1999年卷),外语教学与研究出版社,2000.7。

[2]《英语教学法教程》[M]。高等教育出版社,2000.7。

[3]《英语语言艺术》[M]。上海外语教育出版社,1988.2。.

[4]《大学英语语音练习手册》[M]。外语教学与研究出版社,1993.10。

听力教学论文篇(3)

关键词:听力教学;听力理解能力;语块

语料库语言学的研究表明,英语中存在着一种成串的语言结构。对于这样的语言结构,学者们采用了不同的术语对这种语言现象加以界定,比较被大家广泛接受的说法是:语块是一种兼具有词汇和语法特征的语言结构,一般为多词单位,具有特定的话语功能。

听力教学侧重的是学生对英语声音材料理解能力的培养,而三本院校的学生入学时英语基础不是很好,特别是普遍存在着英语听力薄弱的现象,究其原因,一方面是传统的英语教学过于注重语法规则,而忽略了语言作为交际手段这一根本目的,于是形成了“聋子英语”,另一重要原因是学生对地道的预制语块积累不够。他们注重的一般是单词的记忆,而不是语块的记忆和积累,因此造成他们在听力理解上存在一定的困难。语块理论,从一个崭新的角度阐述了语言教学的理论和实践,从根本上提出了对如何提高学生的英语听力理解能力的应对办法,为三本院校英语听力教学提供了新的思路与视角。

1英语语块理论

1.1语料库语言学基础

语料库语言学家经过电脑数据统计分析发现。在自然语言中存在着数量庞大、出现频率高、不同程度词汇化的词串,即语块,它们构成了英语中基本的语言单位。Altenb的研究发现,大约70%的日常口语都是由预制语块组成的。Bo~nger也有相同的认识,他说语言已为我们提供了大量的预制语块,因此我们说话时不必从“木材、钉子和蓝图”起开始构建。

1.2认知心理语言学基础

1950年,美国心理学家GeorgeMiUer提出了组块理论(chunking),他指出短时记忆的容量大概是7+/-2个“块”。而“块”(chunks)最早是由心理学家Miller和Self-ridge提出,记忆对于信息的加工过程的结果就是块。人们可以凭借自己已有知识和经历对接触到的信息进行组块和储存,以便于日后整体检索和提取。

认知心理学家Sinclair则认为,人类的语言习得可以分为两大体系:其一是以语法规则为基础的分析性体系;其二是以记忆为基础的套语体系。在分析性体系中,记忆所占的空间虽然小但强度却相当大,因此即时交际难以较好地实现。套语体系包括数量可观的语块,在进行交际时,说话人易于从记忆中提取,便于准确、流利表达。虽然语法规则给我们提供了构成无数个句子的可能,但实际交际中,可能性中的绝大多数被忽视掉了。值得注意的是,某些特定的词汇组合却不断地被重复使用。因而Sinclair进一步归纳出语言加工过程通常遵循的两条原则,即习语原则和自由选择原则。前者是指使用大量现成的预制语块来组装语句:而后者则是选择合适的语法和词汇一点点逐步“搭建”语句。Sinclair主张,习语原则在这两个原则中地位优先。

1.3语言习得研究基础

大量关于儿童母语习得,即一语习得的研究发现,儿童是通过习得语块而后习得整个语言的,特别是早期阶段的语块学习和记忆。比如,当儿童使用“I’dlike…”时,这3个词语可能被他们当作一个不可拆分的单位来记忆和使用的。或者可以说,在儿童的心理词典中,这3个词是一个词条。在反复练习和成功使用了某些相同的模式之后,儿童就自然而然地从中概括出一些语块的构造规则,并将他们习得的语块作为整体存储在心理词库中。语言学家在二语习得的研究中也得出相近的结果,实践证实大量语块存在于二语学习者的口头交际中。

在一语和二语习得研究的基础上,Natfinger和DeCarrico指出,一种语言的正确使用过程不外乎是“对这些预制语块进行选择,然后将这些语块串联起来的过程”。因为预制语块其实被使用者按不同的语用功能分类存储在一起,使用者根据交际语境的需要,对其整体提取使用,这样便达到了语言表达正确性和流利性的统一。

2语块在三本学生英语听力提高中的作用

Lewis(1997)等学者提倡在课堂上直接进行语块的教授,而近年来,国内越来越多的学者也意识到了预制语块对二语习得的作用,认为语块不仅能提高中国学生口语交际的流利性,更重要的是能提高学生的语用能力。笔者认为,除了口语表达,语块教学对三本学生英语听力习得是非常有效的,具体表现在:

2.1有利于提高预测信息的能力

预制语块往往带有情境性,具有非常重要的语篇信息组织功能,它的使用并不是随意的。对大量语料的研究显示,预制语块在自然语篇中起着诸如组织语篇结构、连接信息和预示下文的重要作用。许多形式和功能属于固定或半固定性质的语块在语篇中不可或缺的衔接手段,读者把握住这些语块,也就掌握了文章的宏观结构以及段落问的关系,达到理解文章的效果。同样,在听英语材料时,学生可以充分利用那些组篇功能语块,结合自己已掌握的相关图式和背景知识,积极主动地获取信息、预测信息,从而为其进一步赢得处理信息和反应的时间。例如,当学生听到“Mypointsareasfollows,Firstly…scondly…finally…”,就会预先知道说话者谈话的内容。

2.2有利于提高对听力材料的理解效率

“语言不是由传统语法和词汇构成的,而常常是由多词的、预制的语块构成的”(Lewis1997)。正因为预制语块是语言使用者所熟悉的语言形式,因而听者对听到的信息不陌生,从而缩短了正常语言交际时大脑压缩处理语言信息所需的时间,大大缓解了由于即时分析和处理听到的信息的压力。学生的注意力和思维要受说话者语速的控制,因为听力材料包含的语音信息稍纵即逝,所以平时要多加练习听力,特别是要有意识地积累语音形式的语块量。如果听力基础薄弱的学生以语音形式储存的语块量不足,便无法便捷地对话语中占有很大比例的固定和半固定短语进行整体认知,并直接提取语义,其结果是把它们当作按语法规则组合起来的一个个单词,只能通过单词识别,词义匹配的方式提取语义,获得信息。

2.3有利于克服听力材料中噪音及音变的影响

在多数情况下,英语录音资料往往伴有其他声音,这种干扰声会降低话语的清晰度,阻碍英语学习者获取信息。另一方面,音变现象,如弱读、连读、吞音等语音现象会造成某些单词听不清楚或听不到。令人欣慰的是,语块由于在语言中被高频使用,具备着语境依附特征和语境效应优势,因此语块可以提供重要的语境信息,这样能大大弥补噪音干扰或音变导致的听觉信息的缺失,比如Thetruthis,I’vebroken(up)withhim…中的up听不清楚时,熟悉这个语块的听者能根据语境判断出该单词。此外,预制语块还具有可以帮助听者根据上下文,辨识说话者身份的作用。

3语块理论对三本学生英语听力教学的启示

针对三本学生英语学习中一些不恰当的认识与学习方法,以及听力基础薄弱的特点,语块研究为我们提出以下教学启示:

3.1提供相关语块

向学生提供语块来练习听力的好处主要有两方面:首先是课堂时间有限,向学生提供并讲解语块,可以节省时间,给学生提供更多的练习机会,加速语块的习得过程;其次是讲解听力材料中的相关语块,可使讲授的聚焦范围变小,却不失语块要求的微型语境从而大大提高了英语学习和记忆的效果。

针对语块集形式和意义于一身,可作为整体语言单位存储和提取的特点,在英语教学中,教师可首先列出并且讲解那些结构容易出错、语义难懂却地道的语块,备课要做到向学生提供语言生动、内容丰富的例句,便于学生记忆,并在课堂上开展以语块为单位的形式多样的练习。

3.2培养语块意识

既然语块是理想的教学单位,教师在平时授课时就不能孤立的去讲某个单词,而要在英语教学中引导学生注意单词的具体使用语境,从目标词与其周围其他单词或短语的搭配关系去关注和识记语块,增强语块意识,最终达到使语块在学生语言能力培养中发挥出最大作用的目的。因此,教师可以在讲课文时组织学生分小组就自己认定的语块进行讨论,或在日常的教学中提醒学生对听力资料以及阅读材料中出现的固定和半固定的语言结构进行归纳总结和记录。

3.3加强语块输出训练

听力理解是语言输入的主要渠道之一,而语言输入的同时是—个理解和产出的过程,因此要求教师采用适当的教学方法段计灵活多样的练习,反复练习,以尽可能地缩短外语学习者语言理解所需的时间,并进而过度到扩大产出的练习中。

在理解信息时,听者往往不需要对所输入语言中的句法进行分析,而语言输出却使学习者注意表达意义的语言形式,这样可以有效加强学生对语块的习得。因此教师要注意多给予学生输出语块的机会,加强语块输出训练,如语块改错、语块造句、语块填空、语块翻译、整合语篇等。这样的操练将预制语块学习和语言技能的习得完美结合在一起,既强化了语块意识,又使语块在反复运用中逐渐变成学生的“自然语言”。可见,以输入促进输出,而好的输出能力势必加快对输入信息的听力理解能力。超级秘书网:

听力教学论文篇(4)

一、听力教学中的文化解码

听力理解是对语音符号组成的信息流接收并做出反应或反馈的过程。就信息来讲,码是其组成的基本要素,而编就意味着把这些要素以某种特定的方式进行组合,成为有规律可循,可以加以识别的信息流。在靠听所接收的人类语言信息中,信息是由表及里在三个层面上进行编码的:语言、语义和文化。处在表面、最能为人感知的是语音编码。就一种语言而言,语音编码在很长一段时间里都比较稳定。为了把信息表达得更具体、更明确,就要在语音编码的基础上再进行语义编码。从很大程度上讲,语义编码的规则就是语法。通过语法把有语音音素为外壳的词语加以有意义的排列,可以解决言语交流中大多信息的传递问题。然而语法上的明确有时并不意味着语义上的明确,因此文化编码的解码,由于文化的复杂性和语言信息层次的多样性,而难以把握。

具体来讲,学生对英美国家背景知识了解的多少,在很大程度上直接影响了学生的听力水平。在听力过程中,听力信息往往与这些国家的政治、文化、经济等各方面的情况息息相关。这就意味着学生的听力理解水平实质上直接体现出了学生语言学习的水平、知识层面及其语义联想能力。也就是说,学生在接收语言的同时,应根据语言背后的文化背景知识在大脑里对语言的内隐做出正确的反映和分析。

美国语言学家Peter Farb把人类语言交际看成是一场竞技游戏,游戏是否能够有效、顺利地进行,全靠参与者是否拥有并熟悉同样的竞技规则。这实际上就是在交际中的编码―解码。然而在实践中,由于句子的语义表征和话语所真正要表达的思想之间存在着一定的差距,编码往往要上升到文化层面上。例如:

中国人见面时往往会以“吃饭了没”作为开场白。中国人都知道这是句客套话、招呼语,而对于不太了解中国文化的外国人而言,他们必然会给出不同的反应,如:他是不是要邀请我吃饭呢?

随着各个国家、民族、地域之间的交流更加广泛和深入,人们越来越清楚地认识到语言并不意味着交际的全部,除语言本身的因素,文化在交际中扮演着十分重要的作用。由此可见,语言和文化是紧密交织在一起的。

二、听力教学中文化解码的差异性

对于学生而言,听懂是最基本的要求,更为重要的是理解和交流。有时文化的不通比语言的不通带来的隔阂更大,如果有时语言本身就是文化,那将使解码更为困难。在实践中,导致学生对听力中文化解码困难的因素主要体现在以下几个方面:

1.文化背景不同。语言中无处不显示出文化的存在,而文化的介入使解码更为困难。一个没有在美国生活相当长一段时间或对美国的社会、历史等各个方面不甚了解的人是无论如何都搞不懂美国英语中大量建构在文化基础上的俗语的。例如:在美国,sandwich generation是指上有老,下有小,自己被夹在两代人之间经济负担较重的中年人; Dinks (Double income, no kids)则指夫妻双方都有工作,但没有小孩;而 Mr. Clean指的是道德、名声好的人,源自于美国一种洗涤剂的商标名;Mr. Fixit却是指解决困难者,维修人员,是由两词合成而来的。所以说,单纯地依靠语言教学是不能完全解决文化解码问题的。

2.价值观取向不同。不同民族文化背景下的人们有不同的社会价值观。文化不同,言语风格不同,社会价值不同,在听力的过程中,容易对学生的听力理解产生阻碍。例如:

(Senator Mr. Marsh was refused to be given a jar of jam in a restaurant.)

Mr. Marsh (began to get annoyed), “Do you know who I am, young lady? I am the state senator.”

The waitress, “And do you know who I am?”

Mr. Marsh (surprised), “No.”

The waitress, “Well, I am the person who gives out the jars of jam.”

这段语言材料,从语言角度来看,是非常简单的。但听完这段材料,许多学生对waitress的反应有些迷惑不解:为什么这个女侍者如此胆大,竟然敢拒绝一位政府议员的一个小小要求呢?其实,如果学生对美国的文化和社会背景有所了解的话,学生就不会有所疑问,也会很容易的理解Mr. Marsh和 waitress之间的这段对话。事实上,这位女侍者虽是位服务员,但却又是位选民,而美国的政客最需要巴结的是选民,自然,女侍者可以很坦然地拒绝Mr. Marsh骄横的要求。

3.词汇的联想意义不同。文化不同,词汇的联想意义也各异。例如:作为中华民族象征的“龙”在汉文化中是神圣吉祥之物,是权威和力量的象征。然而,在西方文化中,“dragon”却是喷烟吐水的怪物,是凶恶和残忍的代表。只有了解了“龙(dragon)”在不同文化中的涵义差异,学生才能真正理解中华儿女为什么将自己骄傲地比喻为“龙的传人”,也才能正确理解“She is a bit of dragon around this place.”(她是一个专横跋扈的人。)的含义了。

总之,不同语言文化在价值取向,思维方式等方面的差异会使同一词汇在不同文化语境中产生各自特有的联想意义。因此,在听力教学中,教师应帮助学生努力寻找出不同文化解码的对称性。

三、听力教学中文化解码策略的培养

1.注重词的文化内涵教学。词汇与文化有着十分密切的关系。英语中许多词汇除了概念意义外,还有特定的文化内涵。它们在不同程度上反映着民族的政治、经济、历史、地理、文化艺术和风俗民情。如果学生望文生义或根据中国的文化传统加以理解,要么会迷惑不解,要么会闹出笑话。例如:

“white elephant” 这一短语,如按照其表面意义理解,就会让人匪夷所思。事实上,在英语中,它的涵义是“expensive but less efficient thing”。因此,对于诸如此类的词语,若忽视其文化内涵或社会文化意义,其真正表义就很难理解了。

2.注重西方典故和谚语的教学。由于民族的传统文化及风俗习惯存在差异,不同国家的语言也随之产生了丰富的典故、格言等。例如:

I am so sorry we asked you at such short notice, but we suddenly realized that there were going to be thirteen people at the table, so we just had to find somebody else.

对于中国学生而言,语言理解不存在问题,但疑问是为什么要凑人数。事实上,在英美文化中,据《圣经》记载,出卖耶稣的就是餐桌上的第13人。因此13是个象征凶兆的数字,英美国家的人民都很忌讳,即使请客也会避免13人。同样,在中国,人们就会很忌讳数字4。

3.注重中西文化差异的教学。中国和英美国家有着截然不同的文化传统和风俗习惯,其生活方式,语言习惯,价值观念等都存在很大的差异。因此,在听力教学中,文化解码应建立在两种文化差异对比的基础上。如对比中国人和英美人对于称赞的不同反应;对比中外家庭成员之间称谓的区别;对比中外寒暄语的差异等。通过不同文化差异的对比,学生不仅了解了英美人的文化习俗,而且可以在听力中运用文化解码理论提高听力技能。

四、结语

语言学习最终的目的是交际,听是进行交流沟通的必要条件。然而优秀的语言学习者听的能力也可能因为文化原因而受到限制,他们对周围世界的理解也可能因此产生障碍。因此,对文化内涵的忽视是不利于提高外语听力水平的,提高文化解码的准确性对促进学生听力的提高起到了重要的作用。

[黄冈师范学院青年科研基金重点资助项目。]

参考文献:

[1]Gu Jiazu, Lu Sheng. Language and Culture, Shangh-ai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.

[2]Underwood, M. Teaching Listening [M].New York: Longman, 1998.

[3]王华:《英语听力中文化信息的解码取向性研究》,《四川外语学院学报》,2008.3。

听力教学论文篇(5)

论文关键词:图式理论,听力教学,教学模式

 

1. 引言

近年来,听力能力越来越受到教师与学生的关注,听力教学也受到普遍的重视,但是听力教学效果并不理想,英语听力已经成为制约学生英语学习的瓶颈。如何进行有效地听力教学,提高学生的听力水平,已成为众多学者研究和探讨的重要课题。本文将以图式理论为基础,分析图式在英语听力教学中的作用,探讨以图式理论为中心的英语听力教学模式,旨在探究有效的听力教学模式。

2. 图式理论与听力理解

德国哲学家康德最早提出图式这一概念,他认为图式是连接概念和感知对象的桥梁。英国心理学家巴莱特在20世纪30年代提出图式理论,并将其应用于心理学研究。美国人工智能专家鲁梅哈特在20世纪80年代将图式发展为较为完整的理论,他认为图式是一种记忆结构,是信息加工的基本要素,包括语言、文化等多领域的信息知识,同时包括已经形成的神经反应模式。图式理论的主要观点是:对新事物的理解由大脑中已存在的图式来决定毕业论文ppt,输入的信息需与这些已经存在的图式相匹配。

在听力教学中,图式主要分为语言图式和内容图式。语言图式主要包括语音、词汇和语法等方面的基础语言知识,是理解听力的基础。学生若缺乏这些最基础的语言知识,听力理解就无从谈起。内容图式是指文章的主题,主要指材料的内容范畴。英语听力中,很多对话来源于日常生活情景,如餐馆、机场等。在这些典型的场景中,对话双方的关系以及说话人的行为方式应该是相对固定的。这种日常生活常识储存在人的大脑中即为图式模型。一般说来,对文章的理解在一定程度上取决于对文章主题的了解程度。语言图式和内容图式在听力理解中的作用都是不可忽视的。

根据图式理论,听力材料的信息处理主要有“自下而上”和“自上而下”两种方式。“自下而上”的信息加工方式主要涉及到语言图式,强调语言基本功的作用。其具体方式表现为:辨音及语法句法分析等。“自上而下”的方式主要涉及到内容图式,强调高层图式的运用。从高层出发,以背景知识为先导来探究语意,利用所知信息对文章内容进行预测。然后通过证实或者是否定后再次预测与证实。在具体的听力过程中,听者在运用语言图式处理输入信息的同时,利用原有知识去预测话语内容,并通过分析、判断和推理来验证或者修改假设,重新构造与听者原有知识结构相吻合的新信息,最后完成信息处理,和对语言的理解。

3. 图式在英语听力理解中的重要作用

图式活动采用自上而下和自下而上两种方式来分析听力材料,使理解更快、更全面、更准确。当根据所激活的图式对材料进行总体预测时,听者首先联想到的是材料可能涉及的主要内容,因而就直接进入对材料内容的整体理解,从而弥补了仅采用自下而上方式所带来的只抓住细节的情况,使听者更关注内容的中心思想、观点等深层次的内容,使理解更全面。

3.1 有助于注意力的分配和集中

Underwood指出:激活相关的已知知识和已知语言规则,缩小了学习者所希望听的范围而将注意力集中到题目上来。听者在听力过程中会依据大脑中已存在的图式集中注意力重点关注关键信息,对听力内容进行初步筛选cssci期刊目录。相反,如果大脑中没有相关的图式为语篇理解作向导,注意力就容易分散,难以形成准确记忆,从而影响与听力材料的理解。

3.2. 有助于上下文的推测

摘要求时毕业论文ppt,听者就很快理解文章,理解加深,速度加快。如果不能激活所需图式,让听者毫无准备地直接进入听力理解状态,就会使理解变得相当困难,因为听者难以在一时使他们所接收的信息与头脑中已有的图式即背景知识相对应,更难于调动相关图式来帮助理解。

3.3 减轻学习者的焦虑程度

图式的激活是听前阶段的心理准备,有利于减轻学习者的焦虑程度。听力不同于阅读理解,听力是转瞬即逝的。这也是很多学生在听力时会感到焦虑的原因。心理学家普遍认为,紧张、疲劳、焦虑都会影响注意力集中,因而必然影响听力理解,它们主要是因为害怕听不懂,对所听内容无思想准备而造成的。图式的激活指出了听的方向、可能涉及的知识和缩小了听的内容范围,故能使听者紧张害怕的程度得到缓解,从心理上增加了听懂的信心。因此,运用图式理论有利于减轻学生焦虑程度,提高听力水平。

4. 基于图式理论的英语听力教学新模式

基于图式理论的听力教学模式重视具体的听力教学过程,将结合图式理论从听前导入、听力理解和听后巩固三个阶段加以论述。

4.1 在听前导入阶段有效激活图式

在听前导入阶段教师应帮助学生激活学生所储存的图式。通过激活所需图式,帮助学生将该图式作用于新的场景信息,提高听力理解。图式被激活后,对听力内容进行预测。在听前导入阶段,利用图式的预期作用,通过输入的视觉信息,如文章的标题等,采用提问和词汇提示等教学方法激活图式,或建构新的图式。例如,听力材料中出现Halloween这一单词。由于学生对这一西方节日不是很熟悉,老师可以对Halloween这一节日加以介绍,使学生了解Halloween这一节日的相关情况。有助于学生对听力材料的理解。教师通过向学生介绍相关的背景知识可提高学生对听力内容的理解。

4.2在听力理解过程中综合运用联想推理

在听力理解阶段教师应鼓励学生结合“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种信息处理模式,并运用联想和推理,通过问题中的选择项、听力材料的关键词汇来激活相关图式,听辨出关键词和关键句,识别重要细节的信息,以达到正确理解文章的主旨及细节的目的。

4.3在听后及时巩固扩大图式储存

听后巩固阶段主要指理解活动和评价活动。理解活动主要是指对语言本身及听力材料的理解,评价活动主要是训练学生的自我评价策略。教师可以通过各种教学手段毕业论文ppt,如提供图片等,让学生复述所听内容,将口语的操练和听力理解结合起来。在听后建立图式非常重要,在听力完成后,教师可组织学生进行讨论,加深学生对听力内容的理解和掌握。最后,以新图式的形式储存在大脑中,有效扩大了学生大脑中的图式,有助于提高学生的听力水平。

5. 结语

图式和图式理论在英语听力教学中的应用,将改变传统的英语听力教学观念,为听力教学带来新思路和方法,为改变听力教学模式提供理论基础和实践依据。听力理解过程不是单纯的解码过程,而是解码过程和意义再构建的有图式等多要素参与的复杂的信息处理过程。听力教师不仅需要储备语言知识,还应储备文化背景知识,在大脑中建立大量的图式,并且做到语言图式知识和内容图式知识并重,及时激活、补充和更新学生的大脑中储存的图式,从而真正提高学生的听力理解水平。

参考文献:

[1]Anderson, A. and T.Lynch,Listening[M].New York: Oxford University Press, 1988

[2]Carrel, P.L. Schema Theory and ESLReading Pedagogy[J].TESOL Quarterly, 1983(12)

[3]贺玲.英语听力理解的图式制约[J].西安外国语学院学报,2005(6)

[4]史旭升,吕艳萍.图式理论在英语听力教学中的应用[J].外语电化教学,2005(8)

[5]周相利.图式理论在英语听力教学中的应用[J].外语与外语教学, 2002(10).

[6]翟丽霞,刘文菊,李志远.英语听力教学中图式的有效激活与补充[J]. 山东外语教学, 2007(3)

听力教学论文篇(6)

关键词:大学英语;听力教学;文化渗透;重要性

语言是文化的载体。语言与文化是紧密联系在一起的,二者互相影响,互为作用,相互渗透的。了解文化才是语言学习的核心,掌握一种语言并不非是学习语言本身,还应该了解语言后面的更深层次文化。语言的学习与语言背后的文化的了解是相辅相成的。因此,教师必须注重语言教学中的文化知识的灌输和引导,通过潜移默化的文化渗透来增强学生对语言的感性认识,以提高他们的语言综合应用能力。语言教学主要是训练学生的听、说、读、写能力。而其中听是主动输入,只有输入了,才有有效输出的前提。所以听是语言实现有效交际的基础,听力技能的提高使说、读、写技能也相应得以提高。文化教学必须要渗透到语言教学的每一个环节,特别是听力教学。

一、大学英语听力教学现状

(1)学生英语水平普遍不高,英语听力能力低。作为西部边陲民族地区的二本院校,其招收的学生大多都是边疆少数民族学生。 民族地区的英语教育也相对滞后,况且在高考这个指挥棒下,老师更多的是注重应试教育,更注重升学指标。英语听力的练习指导相对就少了很多,这样使得英语水平本身就不好的学生一下子要听懂很多英语材料是件极其艰难的事情。不但词汇量缺乏,更没有听力技巧,要练好英语听力是难上加难的事情。(2)大学英语听力教材内容难易度不统一,跨度太大。虽说目前大学英语听力课本的内容涉及面很广,也能紧跟社会的发展变化,尽量选择学生们感兴趣的热点话题,但是在内容的设置上,要么太简单,要么太难,单元主题没有一个好的过度。同时,教材也尽量选择了英语国家本土的语言文化,或者选择本土语言者来表演主题,但是由于语速太快,吐字发音等都让同学们有了畏难心理。这就让听力基础差的学生更加难以提高听力水平了,也难以达到教师授课的预期目标。(3)学生的学习积极性普遍不高。大学英语课堂的学生人数一般都在60人以上,其中英语基础好的同学没有几个,能听懂对话的寥寥几个人,这样就会形成一种课堂气候,不利于同学的听力学习和提高。大多数同学都会有着听不懂,索性就放弃的心态。进而使得大家对英语听力的学习没有了信心和激情。(4)课堂模式比较单一。尽管大学英语听力教材的内容很丰富,设计的课堂活动也较多,但大多还是在被动的灌输,机械的听,因为学生没有兴趣,没有基础,什么活动都难以开展。所以目前听力课堂大多是单词简单讲解后进入听力材料,对于听前材料的问题导入也是教师唱独角戏。

二、大学英语听力课堂中文化渗透的重要性

首先,由于语言和文化有着十分密切的关系,而中西方社会是在不同的历史背景下形成并发展起来的,因此汉语和英语之间就存在着巨大的差距。在这种巨大的差异背景下,让以汉语为母语的中国人去学习英语,并要很好的应用英语,那是极其困难的事情。因为我们与以英语为母语的西方人在价值观,人生观,世界观,乃至生活习惯,社会习俗上都存在着很大的差异,难以接受。这种差异就直接体现在了语言上,语言的不同导致文化交流的障碍。所以在英语语言学习的过程中一定要有文化的导入为前提。英语听力教学作为语言教学的一个组成部分,不仅要培养学生的听力技能,更应该通过西方文化的导入来提高学生的英语听力水平。其次,作为一般二本院校的非英语专业的大学本科生的英语听力水平普遍较差,很难理解英语听力材料的内容,就难以提高积极性和英语听力水平。而这一现象是由多方面的原因引起的。尽管学生也很努力地尝试着提高语言基础知识,训练听力技巧,但效果一般。由此可见,任何一门外语的学习都要在其相对应的语言环境里进行,在该语言产生的文化背景下进行才是有效的。

三、大学英语听力课堂中文化的导入

大学英语听力课堂中文化的导入一定要遵循导入材料的多样性、灵活性和适宜性。只有教师在课前导入的文化知识是灵活多样的,且是适合学生兴趣或适合学生听力水平的,才能激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性,才有利于帮助学生提高听力水平。首先,文化导入方式的多样性,不仅能增加课堂的知识性,还能避免课堂的单一性和重复性,同时还能让学生更全面的了解英语文化知识,进而更好的掌握英语语言知识来提升英语听力能力。其次,文化的导入要注意灵活性原则。听力是通过听觉来感知语言的,学生难免会不习惯,有心理障碍,进而产生消极或排斥心理。所以我们要根据学生情况和课本内容的取舍来灵活调整文化背景知识的导入顺序,尽量避免按部就班的完成内容。其次,要掌握适宜性原则。教师要掌握在教学内容,教学进度,教学方式上适度。导入的文化背景知识要适合学生里水平,让学生能在有限时间内理解掌握并能听懂听力材料;导入的文化背景知识要跟教材内容一致,或是教材内容的补充,能让学生在特定的语言文化背景下来理解听力内容,掌握听力技巧,提高学生的英语语言的综合应用能力。因此,教师只有在很好地掌握了以上三原则的前提下,采取有效的文化导入方式才能更有效的帮助学生提高英语听力能力,才能使大学英语听力课堂更具实际意义。

具体所采用的文化导入的方式如下:(1)直接介绍法。此方法应该是使用最为普遍的一种,就是针对听力内容而介绍文化背景。(2)快速阅读法。就相关内容的小篇幅文章,可以让学生在课前快速阅读,自行找到文章的主题。(3)影视欣赏。可以选择与教材内容相关的短片作为课堂的导入,当然现在大学英语听力课本本身也配有相关的短片,但是要根据情况进行选择。有的难易度适中,演讲者语速适中,表情到位,这种种都是选择的影响因素;而有的可能难度太大,或语速太快,或讲解太过生硬,这样就不适合选择使用。影视欣赏可以让学生处于一种模拟的语言环境中来练习,交流的对象是以英语为母语的外国人,他们的语音语调、面部表情,语速以及肢体语言等等都能让学生在特定的环境中加深他们的影响,更好地了解背景并帮助他们顺利听懂课本内容,激发学生听力学习的兴趣。(4)专题介绍法。 教师可以根据所学习的内容来制作PPT, 配以适当的图片来辅助,进行专题介绍。文字和图片的组合,简单直观,一目了然。这样也利于学生在短时间内快速掌握背景知识,了解所听内容的方向,减轻学生听力的心理障碍。(5)音乐熏陶法。在某些情况下,可以通过优美的音乐来导入主题,介绍文化背景知识。这有利于学生的感性共识,专注于某个点来拓展文化背景知识,让学生在情感的无意识牵引下了解并掌握相关知识。(6)文化的比较法。中西方文化的差异巨大,可以就某个点进行对比来加深学生对西方文化知识的了解。如中西方的饮食习惯、中西方法律的不同,中西方服饰对比等等。

四、总结

综上所述方法并非囊括所有,只是旨在采取不同的文化导入来使英语听力课堂多样化,帮助学生在语言文化背景知识下更好的学习,掌握英语听力技巧,提高英语听力能力。总之,语言和文化的关系是十分密切的,只有在语言教学中很好的进行文化教学,才能使学习本身有质的飞跃。作为语言教学的一个重要组成部分,听力教学不应仅仅是听力技能的培养,而应注重文化知识的注入。只有重视文化,才能真正提高听力水平。

参考文献:

听力教学论文篇(7)

论文摘 要:本文以图式理论为理论基础,阐述了图式在英语听力教学中的作用,认为运用图式理论能使学生更快,更全面,更准确地理解听力内容。图式的建立与激活有助于学生注意力的集中与分配,减少焦虑程度及对上下文的推测等。最后探讨了以图式理论为基础的英语听力教学模式。

1、引言

近年来,听力能力越来越受到教师与学生的关注,听力教学也受到普遍的重视,但是听力教学效果并不理想,英语听力已经成为制约学生英语学习的瓶颈。如何进行有效地听力教学,提高学生的听力水平,已成为众多学者研究和探讨的重要课题。本文将以图式理论为基础,分析图式在英语听力教学中的作用,探讨以图式理论为中心的英语听力教学模式,旨在探究有效的听力教学模式。

2、图式理论与听力理解

美国人工智能专家鲁梅哈特在20世纪80年代提出了较为完整的图式理论,他认为图式是一种记忆结构,是信息加工的基本要素,包括语言、文化等多领域的信息知识,同时包括已经形成的神经反应模式。图式理论的主要观点是:对新事物的理解由大脑中已存在的图式来决定,输入的信息需与这些已经存在的图式相匹配。

在听力教学中,图式主要分为语言图式和内容图式。语言图式主要包括语音、词汇和语法等方面的基础语言知识,是理解听力的基础。内容图式是指文章的主题,主要指材料的内容范畴。英语听力中,有许多典型的日常生活对话场景,对话双方的关系以及行为方式在这些场景中是相对固定的。这种相对固定的日常生活常识储存在人的大脑中即为图式模型。语言图式和内容图式在听力理解中的作用都是不可忽视的。

根据图式理论,听力材料的信息处理主要有“自下而上”和“自上而下”两种方式。“自下而上”的信息加工方式主要涉及语言图式,强调语言基本功的作用。其具体方式表现为:辨音及语法句法分析等。“自上而下”的方式主要涉及内容图式,强调高层图式的运用。从高层出发,以背景知识为先导来探究语意,利用所知信息对文章内容进行预测。

3、图式在英语听力理解中的重要作用

图式活动通过自上而下和自下而上两种方式来处理听力材料,能够更快、更全面地来理解材料内容。听者首先根据所激活的图式对材料进行总体预测,联想材料可能涉及的主要内容,接着直接进入对材料内容的整体理解,更关注内容的中心思想等深层次的内容,弥补了仅采用自下而上方式,只抓住细节的情况。

3.1 有助于注意力的分配和集中

underwood指出:激活相关的已知知识和已知语言规则,缩小了学习者所希望听的范围而将注意力集中到题目上来。听者在听力过程中会依据大脑中已存在的图式集中注意力重点关注关键信息,对听力内容进行初步筛选。相反,如果大脑中没有相关的图式为语篇理解做向导,注意力就容易分散,难以形成准确记忆,从而影响与听力材料的理解。

3.2. 有助于上下文的推测

内容图式的激活有助于学习者理解所听材料,降低理解难度。图式的激活是思维理解的准备阶段,它在听前起辅助导向作用,有助于听者预测材料下一步可能出现的情景, 提高对材料理解的准确度。当预测符合材料要求时,听者就很快理解文章,理解加深,速度加快。如果不能激活所需图式,让听者毫无准备地直接进入听力理解状态,就会使理解变得相当困难,因为听者难以在一时使他们所接收的信息与头脑中已有的图式即背景知识相对应,更难于调动相关图式来帮助理解。

3.3 减轻学习者的焦虑程度

图式的激活是听前阶段的心理准备,有利于减轻学习者的焦虑程度。听力不同于阅读理解,听力是转瞬即逝的。这也是很多学生在听力时会感到焦虑的原因。心理学家普遍认为,紧张、疲劳、焦虑都会影响注意力集中,因而必然影响听力理解,它们主要是因为害怕听不懂,对所听内容无思想准备而造成的。图式的激活指出了听的方向、可能涉及的知识和缩小了听的内容范围,故能使听者紧张害怕的程度得到缓解,从心理上增加了听懂的信心。因此,运用图式理论有利于减轻学生焦虑程度,提高听力水平。

4、基于图式理论的英语听力教学新模式

基于图式理论的听力教学模式重视具体的听力教学过程,将结合图式理论从听前导入、听力理解和听后巩固三个阶段加以论述。

4.1 在听前导入阶段有效激活图式

在听前导入阶段教师应帮助学生激活学生所储存的图式。通过激活所需图式,帮助学生将该图式作用于新的场景信息,提高听力理解。图式被激活后,对听力内容进行预测。在听前导入阶段,利用图式的预期作用,通过输入的视觉信息,如文章的标题等,采用提问和词汇提示等教学方法激活图式,或建构新的图式。例如,听力材料中出现halloween这一单词。由于学生对这一西方节日不是很熟悉,老师可以对halloween这一节日加以介绍,使学生了解halloween这一节日的相关情况。有助于学生对听力材料的理解。教师通过向学生介绍相关的背景知识可提高学生对听力内容的理解。

4.2在听力理解过程中综合运用联想推理

在听力理解阶段教师应鼓励学生结合“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种信息处理模式,并运用联想和推理,通过问题中的选择项、听力材料的关键词汇来激活相关图式,听辨出关键词和关键句,识别重要细节的信息,以达到正确理解文章的主旨及细节的目的。

4.3在听后及时巩固扩大图式储存

听后巩固阶段主要指理解活动和评价活动。理解活动主要是指对语言本身及听力材料的理解,评价活动主要是训练学生的自我评价策略。教师可以通过各种教学手段,如提供图片等,让学生复述所听内容,将口语的操练和听力理解结合起来。在听后建立图式非常重要,在听力完成后,教师可组织学生进行讨论,加深学生对听力内容的理解和掌握。最后,以新图式的形式储存在大脑中,有效扩大了学生大脑中的图式,有助于提高学生的听力水平。

5、结语

图式和图式理论在英语听力教学中的应用,将改变传统的英语听力教学观念,为听力教学带来新思路和方法,为改变听力教学模式提供理论基础和实践依据。听力理解过程不是单纯的解码过程,而是解码过程和意义再构建的有图式等多要素参与的复杂的信息处理过程。听力教师不仅需要储备语言知识,还应储备文化背景知识,在大脑中建立大量的图式,并且做到语言图式知识和内容图式知识并重,及时激活、补充和更新学生的大脑中储存的图式,从而真正提高学生的听力理解水平。

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